Introduction
Starting your own manicure at home can be an exciting and empowering experience, but it can also be stressful when you don’t have the right tools or products. One product that can cause a lot of frustration is nail glue. Whether it’s running out of glue or struggling to get it off, nail glue can be a challenge. Don’t worry though, there are a variety of alternatives to nail glue to choose from. In this article, we’ll take a closer look at some of the best options for nail glue replacements and provide step-by-step guidance on how to use them effectively.
What is Nail Glue?
Nail glue is a type of adhesive used specifically for attaching artificial nails, nail tips, or for repairing broken nails. It is a versatile and strong adhesive that can bond quickly and securely to the natural nail. Nail glue typically comes in small tubes or brush-on applicators, and it is made up of a variety of chemicals, including cyanoacrylate.
Cyanoacrylate is a fast-acting adhesive that forms a strong bond between surfaces. When nail glue is applied to the natural nail or artificial nail, it reacts with moisture and forms strong, durable bonds that can last for weeks.
If you wear artificial nails or nail tips, you may be familiar with nail glue. Using nail glue is a quick and simple way to achieve beautiful, long-lasting nails without having to visit a salon. However, it is important to use nail glue safely and correctly to avoid damage to your natural nails.
Common types of nail glue include:
- Cyanoacrylate-based nail glue
- Methacrylate-based nail glue
- Resin-based nail glue
Each type of nail glue has unique properties, but all of them are designed to create strong, long-lasting bonds. It is essential to choose the right type of nail glue for your needs and to use it according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
If you have any concerns about using nail glue or experience nail damage or pain while wearing artificial nails, it is important to speak to a medical professional or nail technician who can offer advice and solutions.
For additional information about nail glue, check out our article on How Long Does Kiss Pink Gel Nail Glue Last? or our guide on Why is My Nail Glue Sticky?
Why Look for Alternatives?
Why Look for Alternatives?
There are several reasons why someone might want to look for alternatives to nail glue. Here are some of the most common ones:
Reason | Description |
Chemical Allergies | Some people may have allergic reactions to the chemicals in nail glue, leading to irritation, redness, or even blisters. Using alternative options can help avoid these unpleasant reactions. |
Difficulty Applying | Nail glue can be tricky to apply, especially for people who are not used to working with it. Alternatives that are easier to apply can save time and frustration. |
Shortevity | Depending on the quality of the nail glue and the activities of the wearer, it may not hold up as long as desired. Finding alternatives that offer better longevity can be a great solution. |
Cost | Nail glue can be expensive, especially if it needs to be replaced frequently. Alternatives like double-sided tape or nail stickers can be a more budget-friendly option. |
Availability | In some cases, nail glue may not be readily available at the moment. Knowing alternative options can help in a pinch. |
If you’re interested in how to dry nail glue fast, check out our article on how to dry nail glue fast.
Important Factors to Consider
When considering alternatives to nail glue, it’s important to keep a few factors in mind to ensure the best results. Below are the key factors to consider:
Factor | Description |
---|---|
Strength | One of the most important factors to consider is the strength of the alternative. While some options may provide a strong hold, others may not, which can lead to nails falling off prematurely or not adhering properly. |
Safety | Another important factor is the safety of the alternative. Some adhesives can be harmful to skin and nails, so it’s important to choose an option that is safe to use and won’t damage your natural nails or harm your skin. It’s also important to keep these products out of reach of children. |
Application | Consider how easy the alternative is to apply and how much time it takes to dry. Some options, like glue dots or stickers, may be quick and easy to apply, while others, like silk wraps, may require more time and effort. |
Cost-Effectiveness | It’s worth considering the cost of the alternative compared to nail glue. While some options may be more expensive upfront, they may last longer and ultimately be more cost-effective than constantly repurchasing nail glue. |
Durability | Durability is another important factor to consider, especially if you want your nails to last for an extended period of time. Some options, like liquid bandage or press-on nails, may be less durable than others, while silk wraps or superglue may provide a stronger hold. |
By considering these factors, you can choose the nail glue alternative that will work best for your needs and preferences. For more information on how to apply some of these alternatives, you can check out our article on “How to Glue Nail Tips“.
Best Alternatives to Nail Glue
Finding the perfect nail glue alternative can be a daunting task, especially with so many options available in the market. However, with a little bit of creativity and the right guidance, you can discover effective alternatives to nail glue that will give you beautiful, long-lasting nails without the hassle. From double-sided tape to liquid bandages, we’ve got you covered with the best alternatives. Read on to find the perfect solution that works for you. If you’re wondering how to glue charms on nails or why your glue-on nails keep falling off, we have articles that cover those topics as well.
1. Double-Sided Tape
Double-Sided Tape is a great alternative to nail glue for attaching artificial nails. This thin adhesive tape has a strong grip and is easy to apply. It’s also readily available in most households or can be purchased in craft stores.
To use double-sided tape for attaching artificial nails, follow these steps:
Step | Instructions |
---|---|
Step 1 | Clean your nails thoroughly to remove any dirt or oil. |
Step 2 | Cut out a piece of double-sided tape according to the size of your artificial nail. |
Step 3 | Peel off one side of the tape and place it on your nail bed. |
Step 4 | Peel off the other side of the tape and place your artificial nail on top, pressing down firmly. |
Step 5 | Trim and file your artificial nails as desired. |
Double-sided tape is a temporary solution and may not last as long as nail glue. However, it is a good option if you need to quickly attach artificial nails for a short period of time.
Keep in mind that double-sided tape may not be suitable for individuals with sensitive skin or those who are allergic to adhesives. If you experience any discomfort or irritation, remove the tape immediately.
If you’re looking for more tips on how to glue charms on nails or how to fix a broken nail without glue, check out our other articles.
2. Glue Dots
Glue dots are another excellent alternative to traditional nail glue. These small, double-sided adhesive circles are often used in paper crafts and can be found in most craft stores. They are affordable, easy to use, and can securely hold artificial nails in place for several days.
To use, simply remove one side of the glue dot and place it on the back of the artificial nail. Then, remove the other side of the dot and press the nail onto your natural nail. The glue dot will securely hold the artificial nail in place and can easily be removed without damaging your natural nail.
One of the benefits of using glue dots is that they are typically very gentle on your natural nails, so you don’t have to worry about damaging them or experiencing any pain or discomfort. Additionally, they are easy to use and don’t require any special tools or techniques.
However, it’s important to keep in mind that glue dots may not be as long-lasting as some of the other alternatives on this list. You may need to replace them more frequently if you want to keep your artificial nails looking flawless.
Glue dots are an excellent option for those who want a quick and easy way to attach artificial nails without using traditional nail glue. They are relatively affordable, gentle on your nails, and easy to use. If you want to learn more about how to attach charms to your nails without traditional nail glue, check out our article “How to Glue Charms on Nails”.
3. Liquid Bandage
Liquid bandage is a **popular** alternative to nail glue that **can effectively** hold your fake nails in place. It is **commonly used** for medical purposes, such as wound closure, but can also be used as a nail glue substitute. Liquid bandage is easy to apply and dries quickly, creating a **strong bond** between your natural nails and fake ones.
To use liquid bandage as a replacement for nail glue, you will need the following:
Materials | Steps |
---|---|
Liquid bandage Artificial nails Alcohol swabs Cotton swabs or cotton balls |
|
**Keep in mind** that liquid bandage is not a long-term solution for holding your artificial nails. You may need to reapply it every few days, depending on how quickly your natural nails grow. However, it’s a great alternative to nail glue if you need a temporary solution for a night out or other special event.
Additionally, liquid bandage is known for its **healing properties** and can help to protect your natural nails from infection or damage. It’s a useful tool to have in your nail care kit, especially if you’re prone to breakage or other nail problems.
If you’re interested in learning more about nail glue alternatives, check out our article on why glue-on nails keep falling off. If you’re dealing with a broken nail and don’t have nail glue on hand, read our guide on how to fix a broken nail without glue.
4. Clear Nail Polish
Clear nail polish is one of the most commonly used alternatives to nail glue. It is a versatile solution that works well for small nail repairs and for attaching artificial nails. To ensure that the nail polish adheres well, it is important to ensure that your nails are clean and free of any oils or dirt before applying the polish.
Using clear nail polish as an adhesive is easy and straightforward. Simply apply a thin layer of polish directly onto your nail surface or onto the surface of the artificial nail. Wait for the polish to dry completely before attaching the nail. It is important to note that clear nail polish is not as strong as nail glue, so it may not provide a long-lasting hold for larger or heavier nails.
One of the benefits of using clear nail polish as an adhesive is that it provides a smooth and even finish. This is particularly useful if you are attaching artificial nails, as it can help to create a seamless look.
When using clear nail polish as an alternative to nail glue, it is important to remember that it may not be as effective as other options in extreme conditions, such as in water or in very humid environments. If you are concerned about the durability of the adhesive, you may want to consider using another method, such as superglue or nail stickers.
Clear nail polish is a great option for small nail repairs and for attaching lightweight artificial nails. It provides a quick and easy solution that can be applied in a matter of minutes. However, for more intensive repairs or for larger nails, it may not be the best option.
5. Superglue
Superglue or cyanoacrylate glue is another excellent alternative to nail glue. This type of glue is strong and fast-drying, making it ideal for adhering fake nails. It is also waterproof and heat-resistant, making it perfect for use in harsh conditions.
Important Note: Although superglue can be used as an alternative to nail glue, it is not recommended for use on natural nails. Prolonged exposure to superglue can cause harmful effects on the nails, skin, and even the respiratory system. Superglue should be used exclusively for fake nails.
Before using superglue, prepare your nails and the fake nails as you would when using nail glue. Clean your nails and the inside of the fake nails thoroughly and make sure they are dry. Apply a small amount of superglue to the back of the fake nail, making sure not to use too much as it can cause the glue to seep onto your cuticles.
To achieve the best results, apply the superglue in dots on your fake nails rather than a continuous line. Place the fake nail onto your natural nail and hold it for 5-10 seconds. Once set, you can file and shape the fake nails as you desire.
Here is a quick comparison of nail glue and superglue:
Glue Type | Strength | Drying Time | Waterproof | Heat-Resistant | Recommended Use |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nail Glue | Strong | 10-15 seconds | Water-resistant, not waterproof | Not heat-resistant | For adhering fake or natural nails |
Superglue | Stronger | 5-10 seconds | Waterproof | Heat-resistant | Exclusively for adhering fake nails |
Note: It is important to be careful when using superglue due to its strong bonding properties. In case of any accidental bonding of skin, use acetone or nail polish remover to dissolve the glue.
If you want to learn more about healthy practices for nail care and avoiding damage, check out Why Do Glue-On Nails Hurt? and How to Glue a Nail Back On. If you want to learn about the reasons behind gooey nail glue, follow this link: Why is My Nail Glue Gooey?
6. Silk Wraps
Silk wraps are a great alternative to nail glue, especially for those who want to grow out and strengthen their natural nails. Silk wraps come in thin sheets that can be cut to the desired size and shape. Here are the steps to apply silk wraps:
- Prepare your nails: Start by cleaning and drying your nails thoroughly. Trim and file them into the desired shape.
- Cut the silk wrap: Cut the silk wrap into small pieces, enough to cover the damaged area of each nail.
- Apply glue: Apply a small amount of glue to the damaged area of the nail.
- Place the silk wrap: Place the silk wrap on top of the glue and press it down gently using a wooden stick or toothpick.
- Repeat: Repeat this process for all the damaged nails.
- Trim the excess: Once the silk wraps are dry, use a scissors to trim any excess edges from the nail.
- Buff and polish: Finally, buff the nails to smooth out any bumps or rough edges, and apply a clear top coat for added protection.
Silk wraps are a great alternative to nail glue because they help to strengthen the natural nails, preventing further breakage and damage. They also provide a smooth surface for nail polish, making it easier to achieve a flawless manicure at home. However, it’s important to use the right glue for silk wraps, as regular nail glue may not be strong enough to hold the silk in place. Look for a specialized nail glue that is formulated for use with silk wraps, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions carefully.
7. Press-On Nails
Press-On Nails are a great alternative to nail glue for those who don’t want to go through the hassle of applying ongoing nail polish or acrylics. These nails come in ready-made shapes and sizes, and with the appropriate adhesive already applied to the back, can be attached easily onto your natural nails.
Advantages: The benefits of press-on nails are that they are cheaper than getting a manicure at a salon, can be applied in a matter of minutes, come in a variety of shapes, sizes and colors, and can be removed easily when you want to switch to a different set of nails. Plus, they won’t cause any damage to your natural nails since there is no need for harsh chemicals or tools.
Disadvantages: While press-on nails provide a quick fix, they may not last as long as traditional acrylics or gel polishes. They may fall off after a few days, depending on the quality of the adhesive and how well they were applied. Additionally, they may not fit all nail shapes or be as customizable as getting a “real” manicure.
Application: Applying press-on nails is simple. First, ensure that your nails are clean and dry. Next, select the appropriate size press-on nails for each finger. Peel off the protective backing from the adhesive on the back of the nail, and press the nail onto your natural nail, starting from the cuticle and pressing gently until it is firmly attached. Press-on nails can be filed or shaped to your desired length and shape.
Removal: To remove press-on nails, soak them in warm water for a few minutes to loosen the adhesive, and gently peel them off from the sides.
Tips: For a longer-lasting hold, use a nail buffer to smooth the surface of your natural nails before applying press-on nails. Additionally, avoid getting your hands wet for the first few hours after application to allow the adhesive to fully set.
Press-On nails are a great option for those who want a quick and easy manicure without the need for harsh chemicals or special tools. While they may not last as long as traditional options, they provide a temporary fix that can be easily switched out for a new set.
8. Nail Stickers
If you’re someone who loves to experiment with different nail designs and patterns, then nail stickers can be a great alternative to traditional nail glue. Not only are they super easy to apply, but they also come in a variety of designs and styles, making it easy to find something that fits your personal taste.
What are Nail Stickers?
Nail stickers are essentially pre-designed nail art that comes in the form of adhesive stickers. They typically come in small sheets with various designs and patterns that can be easily peeled off and applied to your nails.
How to Apply Nail Stickers
Applying nail stickers is a very easy and straightforward process. Here’s how to do it in a few simple steps:
- Clean and prep your nails as you normally would before applying nail polish.
- Select the nail sticker that you want to apply and carefully peel it off from the sheet.
- Align the sticker with the base of your nail and apply it, starting from the center and then smoothing out the edges to ensure that it’s properly stuck.
- Trim off any excess sticker with a nail clipper or scissors.
- If you want your nail art to stay for longer, apply a clear topcoat over the nail sticker to provide extra protection and prolong the lifespan of your design.
Advantages of Using Nail Stickers
There are several advantages to using nail stickers over traditional nail glue. Here are some of the benefits:
Advantages | Explanation |
---|---|
Easy to Apply | Unlike nail glue, nail stickers are effortless to apply, even if you’re not a professional. You can quickly achieve professional-quality nail art without the hassle and mess that often comes along with glue and nail polish. |
Cost-Effective | Nail stickers are often cheaper than nail glue and the cost of going to a salon to get intricate nail art done. Plus, they can be easily found online or at your local drugstore, making them a cost-effective option for those who are on a budget. |
No Drying Time | One of the most significant drawbacks of nail glue is that it requires a lot of drying time, which can be frustrating if you’re in a hurry. With nail stickers, there’s no drying time required, as they’re ready to wear the moment you stick them on. |
Drawbacks of Using Nail Stickers
While there are many benefits to using nail stickers as an alternative to nail glue, there are also some downsides that you should consider before making the switch.
Drawbacks | Explanation |
---|---|
May not Last as Long | While nail stickers are a great way to achieve quick, temporary nail art designs, they may not last as long as traditional nail glue. Depending on the brand and quality of the sticker, they may begin to peel or chip after a few days of wear. |
Limited Design Options | While nail stickers come in a wide range of designs and patterns, the options can often be limited, especially if you’re looking for something specific. Additionally, some designs may not adhere well to certain nail types or shapes, which can be frustrating. |
May Not be Suitable for All Occasions | While nail stickers are great for everyday wear or casual occasions, they may not be the best option for more formal or professional settings. Depending on the design and pattern, they can come across as too flashy or unprofessional, which could be a problem in certain work environments. |
Conclusion
Nail stickers can be an excellent alternative to traditional nail glue, especially if you’re looking for quick and easy nail art that can be done in the comfort of your own home. Whether you’re a seasoned pro or a newbie to the world of nail art, nail stickers are an affordable and hassle-free way to achieve professional-looking designs without all the fuss of glue and polish.
How to Apply Nail Glue Alternatives
Once you’ve chosen the nail glue alternative that best suits your needs, it’s time to apply it correctly. Here are the step-by-step instructions you should follow for each of the alternatives mentioned above:
1. Double-Sided Tape: To apply double-sided tape, cut it into small pieces and stick it to the back of your fake nails. Then, remove the protective film from the other side of the tape and place the nails on your natural nails, pressing firmly for a few seconds.
2. Glue Dots: Glue dots are also applied by sticking them to the back of the fake nails and then pressing them onto your natural nails. Be sure to align the dots with the center of your nails for the best results.
3. Liquid Bandage: Liquid bandage is applied differently than the other alternatives. First, clean your nails thoroughly with soap and water, and then apply the liquid bandage directly onto your nails with the brush applicator. Wait for the liquid bandage to dry before applying fake nails.
4. Clear Nail Polish: To use clear nail polish as a nail glue alternative, simply apply a small dot of the polish to the back of your fake nail and press it onto your natural nail. Hold for a few seconds to allow the polish to dry and harden.
5. Superglue: Superglue should be applied sparingly to the back of the fake nail, avoiding contact with your natural nails. Then, place the fake nail on your natural nail and hold it in place for a few seconds until the glue sets.
6. Silk Wraps: To apply silk wraps, first cut them to match the length and shape of your natural nails. Then, apply glue to your natural nails and place the silk wraps on top, pressing firmly to remove any air bubbles.
7. Press-On Nails: Press-on nails usually come with their own adhesive stickers that should be peeled off and applied to the back of the nail. Align the nail with your natural nail and press it on, holding firmly for a few seconds.
8. Nail Stickers: Similar to press-on nails, nail stickers come with their own adhesive. Simply peel off the backing and stick the sticker onto your natural nail, smoothing out any wrinkles or bubbles.
Remember to always follow the instructions provided with each alternative for best results.
Pro tip: For longer-lasting results with any of these alternatives, be sure to clean your nails thoroughly before application and avoid getting them wet for at least an hour after applying the fake nails. Additionally, avoid exposing your nails to extreme temperatures or harsh chemicals, as this can cause the nails to peel or loosen.
Tips and Tricks
As you explore the many alternatives to nail glue, it’s important to keep in mind some tips and tricks to help you make the most of each option. Whether you’re looking to prevent nail damage or find longer-lasting alternatives, there are a variety of strategies you can incorporate into your routine. Here are some important considerations to keep in mind as you experiment with different methods for keeping your nails looking and feeling their best.
Preventing Nail Damage
One of the major concerns when using nail glue alternatives is preventing any damage to your nails. Here are some tips to keep your nails healthy and strong:
- Avoid applying too much pressure: When using adhesive products, be gentle and avoid applying too much pressure onto your nails. This can cause your nails to weaken and even break.
- Buff your nails: Before applying any nail glue alternative, buff your nails to remove any oils and roughen the surface. This will help the adhesive hold onto your nails better and prevent it from chipping.
- Moisturize your nails: Using nail glue alternatives can sometimes leave your nails dry and brittle. It is important to moisturize your nails after using any adhesive product. Use nail oils or lotions regularly to keep your nails hydrated and prevent any breakage.
- Avoid harsh chemicals: Some nail polish removers can be harsh on your nails and cause them to weaken. Try to use acetone-free nail polish remover or switch to gentler products to avoid any damage.
- Let your nails breathe: Take breaks from using nail glue alternatives and let your nails rest for a few days. This will help prevent any excessive damage and give your nails a chance to recover.
By following these tips, you can prevent any potential damage to your nails and keep them healthy and strong. Remember to take care of your nails, and they will thank you for it!
Longer-Lasting Alternatives
Are you looking for alternatives to nail glue that can last longer than traditional options? Here are some longer-lasting nail glue alternatives to consider:
- Silk Wraps: These are similar to fiberglass wraps, but they use silk to reinforce your nails. Silk wraps can last up to 2 weeks and are often used for repairing damaged nails.
- Acrylic Nails: Acrylic nails are a popular option if you’re looking for a long-lasting solution. They typically last 3-4 weeks and can withstand plenty of wear and tear.
- Gel Nails: Gel nails are another popular option if you’re looking for a long-lasting solution. They are known to last up to 4 weeks and they offer a strong nail enhancement with a natural look.
- Dip Powder Nails: Dip powder nails have increased in popularity recently and they can last up to 4 weeks. The process involves dipping your nails into a special powder that hardens and provides a strong, natural-looking nail enhancement.
These longer-lasting alternatives may require a bit more time or effort, but if you’re looking for a more permanent solution, they are worth considering. Just make sure to follow proper application and removal techniques to avoid causing any damage to your natural nails.
Conclusion
After exploring the various alternatives to nail glue, it is important to note that each choice has its own unique benefits and drawbacks. It ultimately comes down to personal preference and the desired outcome.
Double-sided tape is a great option for those who want a quick, temporary fix for their nails. It’s easy to apply and remove without causing any damage to your nails. However, it may not be the most durable option, and might not hold up well under certain conditions.
Glue dots are a bit more durable than double-sided tape and can be easily applied. They are designed to stick to different surfaces, including nails, and can last just as long as nail glue.
Liquid bandage is an innovative alternative to nail glue that essentially seals the nail to the skin. It is a flexible and waterproof option that provides a strong seal, but can be difficult to apply, especially for those with shaky hands.
Clear nail polish is a simple and effective way to bond nails without using any harsh chemicals. It is a cost-effective solution that can easily be found at most drugstores. However, it may not be the strongest option.
Superglue is a well-known adhesive that provides a strong bond. It is a popular alternative to nail glue because of its strength and accessibility. Be cautious when using superglue as it can be harmful if applied incorrectly or in large amounts.
Silk wraps are a great option for repairing damaged nail beds. They are a comfortable and durable alternative to nail glue that can enhance the appearance of natural nails. However, they do require some skill to apply and can be more time-consuming.
Press-on nails are a convenient option for those who want an instant, long-lasting solution. They come in various sizes and designs, and can be easily applied and removed without causing any damage to your nails. However, they may not be as comfortable or natural-looking as other alternatives.
Nail stickers are a fun and creative option for those who want to add some flair to their nails. They come in a variety of designs and are easy to apply without causing any damage to your nails. However, they may not be as durable as other alternatives.
When it comes to applying these alternatives, be sure to follow the instructions carefully and take your time to ensure a proper bond. To prevent nail damage, it’s important to avoid harsh chemicals and excessive pressure. Taking care of your nails by keeping them clean and moisturized can also help prolong the life of your nail adhesive.
Overall, there are plenty of options available to replace nail glue, each with their own unique pros and cons. It’s important to consider factors such as durability, convenience, and the desired outcome to find the best alternative for you.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the best alternative to nail glue?
The best alternative to nail glue depends on your personal preference and needs. Some popular options include double-sided tape, glue dots, and liquid bandage.
Can clear nail polish be used as a substitute for nail glue?
Yes, clear nail polish can be used as a substitute for nail glue. It won’t be as strong, but it can help hold a nail in place for a short period of time.
Can superglue be used as a nail glue alternative?
Yes, superglue can be used as a nail glue alternative. However, it’s important to use it with caution and not to apply too much as it can cause irritation or damage to the skin.
Do glue dots work for fake nails?
Glue dots can work for fake nails, but they may not be as strong as traditional nail glue. It’s important to ensure the dots are secure and in the right spot before applying the fake nail.
How long do silk wraps last?
Silk wraps can last up to two weeks with proper care and maintenance. However, it’s important to ensure the wrap is applied correctly to ensure longevity.
Can press-on nails damage natural nails?
If press-on nails are applied and removed correctly, they shouldn’t damage natural nails. It’s important to not forcefully remove the press-on nail and to use proper removal techniques.
Can liquid bandage be used with fake nails?
Yes, liquid bandage can be used with fake nails. It can help secure the fake nail in place and provide added strength.
Can double-sided tape be used for acrylic nails?
Double-sided tape can be used for acrylic nails, but it may not be as strong as traditional nail glue. It’s important to ensure the tape is secure and in the right spot before applying the acrylic nail.
How long do nail stickers last?
Nail stickers can last up to one week with proper care and maintenance. However, it’s important to not submerge the nails in water for an extended period of time as this can cause the sticker to peel off.
Can I use hair glue as a nail glue alternative?
No, it’s not recommended to use hair glue as a nail glue alternative. Hair glue is not designed for use on nails and can cause irritation or damage.